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''Dungeons & Dragons'' (''D&D'') is a fantasy role-playing game first published in 1974. As the popularity of the game grew throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, it became referenced in popular culture more frequently. The complement of games, films and cultural references based on ''Dungeons & Dragons'' or similar fantasies, characters, and adventures became ubiquitous after the end of the 1970s. ''Dungeons & Dragons'', and tabletop role-playing games in general, have exerted a deep and persistent impact on the development of all types of video games, from "first-person shooters to real-time strategy games and massively multiplayer online games",〔 which in turn play a significant and ongoing role in modern popular culture.〔 In online culture, the term ''dungeon'' has since come to mean a virtual location where people can meet and collaborate. Hence, multi-user dungeons emerged throughout the 1970s and 1980s as a social virtual reality.〔 By creating a means for players to assemble and explore an imaginary world, the ''Dungeons & Dragons'' rules provided a transition from fantasy literary settings, such as those of author J. R. R. Tolkien, to fully virtual worlds.〔 Public figures who play or have played ''Dungeons & Dragons'' include comedians Stephen Colbert and Chris Hardwick, musician Moby, and actors Vin Diesel, Matthew Lillard, Mike Myers, Patton Oswalt, Wil Wheaton, and Robin Williams.〔〔〔〔〔 == Books == Independent fiction derived from the ''Dungeons & Dragons'' game appeared with the ''Endless Quest'' series of books, published by TSR, Inc between 1982 and 1987. The ''Endless Quest'' books provided a form of interactive fiction in the style of the Choose Your Own Adventure series.〔 The continuing success of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' then sparked an even more extensive series of novels, also published by TSR, Inc. The first of these were based upon the ''Dragonlance'' campaign setting, and were released in 1984.〔 There proved to be a lucrative market for these works, and by the 2000s a significant portion of all fantasy paperbacks were being published by Wizards of the Coast, the American game company that acquired TSR, Inc in 1997.〔 The impact of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' on players and culture has inspired reflective non-fiction works: * ''Fantasy Freaks and Gaming Geeks: An Epic Quest for Reality Among Role Players, Online Gamers, and Other Dwellers of Imaginary Realms'', by journalist and gamer Ethan Gilsdorf; a travel memoir about ''Dungeons & Dragons'', role-playing games, and other fantasy and gaming subcultures.〔 * ''The Elfish Gene: Dungeons, Dragons and Growing Up Strange'', by novelist Mark Barrowcliffe; a memoir of playing ''Dungeons & Dragons'' and other role playing games in the 1970s.〔 * Author Shelly Mazzanoble wrote a humorous self-help guide called ''Everything I Need to Know I Learned from Dungeons & Dragons: One Woman's Quest to Trade Self-help for Elf-help''. This followed her guide book, ''Confessions of a Part-time Sorceress: A Girl's Guide to the Dungeons & Dragons Game''.〔 * ''American Nerd: The Story of My People'' is Time magazine writer Benjamin Nugent's study of the history and culture of people labeled nerds. It includes insights into why people play and enjoy ''Dungeons & Dragons''.〔 Several characters created for playing Dungeons & Dragons, or games derived from ''Dungeons & Dragons'', have later spawned popular fantasy series.〔 Other novels make off-hand references to the game: * In ''City of Bones'', a novel by Cassandra Clare in her ''The Mortal Instruments'' series, the character Simon Lewis makes reference to Dungeons & Dragons.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dungeons & Dragons in popular culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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